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1. In which year was the National Investigation Agency (NIA) officially constituted?
The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was officially constituted on December 31, 2008, through the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, passed by the Indian Parliament. The establishment of the NIA followed the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, underscoring the need for a specialized agency to handle terrorism and related offences, thus playing a pivotal role in India's counter-terrorism efforts.